Изучена структура генофонда тувинцев по составу и частоте гаплогрупп Y-хромосомы из пяти территориально дистанцированных популяций. В генофонде тувинцев обнаружено 22 гаплогруппы, шесть из которых являются наиболее частыми (С3с, С3*, N1b, N1c1, Q1а3 и R1a1а). По частотам гаплогрупп наибольшие отличия от остальных зафиксированы для восточных районов Тувы. Оценка генетического разнообразия на основании частот диаллельных гаплогрупп и YSTR-гаплотипов выявила очень высокие его значения для всех выборок. В целом тувинцы демонстрируют максимальные значения генетического разнообразия для коренных этносов Сибири. Оценка генетической дифференциации исследованных выборок с помощью анализа молекулярной дисперсии (AMOVA) показывает, что генофонд тувинцев относительно слабо дифференцирован по частотам гаплогрупп. Филогенетический анализ в пределах гаплогруппы N1b выявил сильный эффект основателя – пониженное разнообразие и “звездообразную” филогению медианной сети гаплотипов, образующих отдельный высокоспецифичный для тувинцев субкластер. Обнаружено, что гаплогруппа N1c1 у тувинцев по спектру гаплотипов наиболее гетерогенна и состоит из трех различных кластеров гаплотипов, демонстрируя значительные отличия западной популяции от остального населения Тувы. Результаты филогенетического анализа гаплогрупп выявили общие генетические компоненты у тувинцев с хакасами, алтайцами и монголами.

The frequency of the polymorphic variant T196C (Leu33Pro, rs5918) of ITGB3 gene was studied in several groups of inhabitants of Siberia, including women with reproductive disorders (n = 186), patients with acute coronary syndrome (n = 330), and population control (n = 858). The frequency of the rare PLA2 allele among residents of Tomsk and Kemerovo was 14.7% and 15.0% respectively. There were no differences in the allele and genotype frequencies of polymorphic variant between patients with acute coronary syndrome and the control group (p = 0.925, p = 0.622). The highest frequency of abnormal PLA2 allele (22.1%) and the PLA2/PLA2 genotype (8.8%) was observed among women who had miscarried, which was significantly different from the frequency of this allele and genotype in the control group (14.7%, p = 0.017; 2.1%, p = 0.0009). Sequencing showed that all samples with the nonspecific band had the polymorphic rs5918 variant and rs36080296 mutations (T216G, Leu66Arg). The frequency of the rs36080296 mutation among the residents of Siberia was 0.51%. Among the women with reproductive disorders, the frequency of rs36080296 was 2.7%, while in the group who suffered from miscarriages, it was 4.4%; this was different from the frequency in the control group (0.08%, p = 0.2 × 10−6). The accumulation of mutations was also observed among men with acute coronary syndrome (0.6%), but the differences from the control group (0%) had no statistical significance. Thus, the rs36080296 mutation may be a factor in predisposition to miscarriage, especially in combination with the PLAII allele. In addition, the rs36080296 variant among men may be associated with acute cor onary syndrome, which requires further study.

Изучена частота полиморфного варианта T196C (Leu33Pro, rs5918) гена ITGB3 у женщин с репродуктивными нарушениями, больных ишемической болезнью сердца с острым коронарным синдромом и в группе популяционного контроля. Частота редкого аллеля PLA2 у жителей г. Томска соответствовала 14.7%, г. Кемерово – 15.0%. Частота аллеля PLA2 (22.1%) и генотипа PLA2/PLA2 (8.8%) у женщин с невынашиванием беременности отличалась от контрольной группы (14.7%, р = 0.017; 2.1%, р = 0.0009). Секвенирование выявило мутацию rs36080296 (T216G, Leu66Arg), частота которой у женщин с репродуктивными нарушениями достигала 2.7%; в группе с невынашиванием беременности – 4.4%, что значимо отличалось от контроля (0.08%, р = 0.2 ? 10-6). Мутация rs36080296 может служить фактором, предрасполагающим к невынашиванию беременности, особенно в сочетании с аллелем PLA2.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 9p21.3 locus have recently been demonstrated to be strongly associated with atherosclerosis. However, the pathophysiology of this locus is insufficiently studied. Here, the methylation profile of the nearest mapped genes for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN2A (p16INK4a, p14ARF) and CDKN2B (p15INK4b) in the tissues of the carotid artery in patients with atherosclerosis was evaluated for the first time. Aberrant DNA methylation of the analyzed loci was not established in either the atherosclerotic plaques or in the tissues from the macroscopically intact vascular wall in the same patients.

Недавно была показана надежная ассоциация однонуклеотидных полиморфных вариантов (SNPs) региона 9p21.3 с риском развития заболеваний, в основе развития которых лежит атеросклеротическое поражение сосудистой стенки. Однако патофизиология данного локуса изучена недостаточно. В настоящем исследовании впервые оценен профиль метилирования ближайших картированных генов ингибиторов циклин-зависимых киназ CDKN2A (p16INK4a и p14ARF) и CDKN2B (p15INK4b) в тканях сонных артерий у больных атеросклерозом. В результате не выявлено аберрантного метилирования ДНК анализируемых участков генов в тканях из области атеросклеротических бляшек и предлежащей макроскопически неизмененной сосудистой стенки у тех же самых больных.

Life span depends on many factors, including the level of reactive oxygen species, like superoxide radical. Superoxide radical is produced from oxygen in the course of the oxidation of NADPH to NADP+. The process is catalyzed by NADPH oxidase. In this study, genotype and allele distributions of the C242T (rs4673) polymorphism in the CYBA gene, which encodes the α subunit of NADPH oxidase (p22phox), were examined in the sample of long livers and in the population sample of the city of Tomsk. Statistically significantly higher frequency of T allele among female long livers (34.625%), compared to the females from Russian population (26.32%) was demonstrated (χ2 = 5.226; p = 0.022; OR = 1.48). Thus, the T allele is associated with a high life expectancy in females from the Russian population. No such association was observed for males from the same population.

Продолжительность жизни зависит от многих факторов, в том числе от уровня продукции активных форм кислорода, таких как супероксид-радикал. Супероксидный радикал образуется из кислорода в процессе реакции окисления НАДФН до НАДФ+, катализируемой ферментом НАДФН-оксидазой. В данном исследовании проанализировано распределение генотипов и аллелей полиморфного варианта C242T (rs 4673) гена CYBA, кодирующего -субъединицу НАДФН-оксидазы (p22phox), в выборке долгожителей и в популяционной выборке жителей г. Томска. Выявлена статистически значимо более высокая частота аллеля Т у женщин-долгожителей – 34.62% по сравнению с женщинами из популяционной выборки – 26.32% ( 2 = 5.226; р = 0.022, OR = 1.48). Таким образом, аллель Т ассоциирован с высокой продолжительностью жизни у женщин в российской популяции. Для мужчин подобной ассоциации не выявлено.

Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) not otherwise specified (NOS), the most common type of breast cancer, demonstrates great intratumoral morphological heterogeneity, which encompasses the presence of different types of morphological structures-tubular, trabecular, solid, and alveolar structures and discrete groups of tumor cells, the origins of which remain unclear at present. In this study of 162 IDC NOS patients, we investigated whether the distribution of different types of morphological structures is related to the basic clinicopathological parameters of IDC NOS. Our results showed that in patients with only one type of tumor structure, the presence of any one of the five types was equally probable; however, cases with two types of structures were more likely to contain trabecular structures than the other four types. The development of intratumoral morphological heterogeneity was not associated with menopausal status, tumor size, histological grade, hematogenic metastasis, or recurrence. However, the number of different types of morphological structures was significantly higher in luminal tumors than in triple-negative tumors. An increase in the frequency of lymph node metastasis correlated with the increased number of different types of structures in breast tumors; however, in contrast to premenopausal patients, this association was explained by the presence of alveolar structures in postmenopausal women. In addition, we showed a significant decrease in the numbers of positive lymph nodes in tumors with high numbers of morphological variants. The frequency of lymph node metastases and the number of positive nodes were generally independent features and formed by different mechanisms. Based on the evidence, the term ""phenotypic drift"" has been designated as the basis for the development of intratumoral morphological heterogeneity of IDC NOS.

Abstract Purpose: Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are thought to be a major target of radiation-induced leukemogenesis and also provide a relevant cellular model for assessing cancer risk. Cluster of designation 133+ (CD133+) is a marker found in human progenitor and hematopoietic stem cells. Our study examined the repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) in CD133 + umbilical cord blood cells (UCBC).

Materials and methods: After γ-irradiation, endogenous and induced DSB were evaluated in CD133 + UCBC, CD133 - UCBC and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in terms of phosphorylated histone 2A family member X (γH2AX) and tumor suppressor p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) foci.

Results: We found that repair signaling in CD133 + UCBC is different from CD133 - UCBC and PBL. These differences include lower endogenous DSB levels and higher 53BP1 recruitment.

Conclusions: Our data, together with a recent report on radiation-induced γH2AX and 53BP1 foci in CD34 + cells, indicate enhanced DNA repair capacity in HSC as compared to mature lymphocytes.

Moldova has a rich historical and cultural heritage, which may be reflected in the current genetic makeup of its population. To date, no comprehensive studies exist about the population genetic structure of modern Moldavians. To bridge this gap with respect to paternal lineages, we analyzed 37 binary and 17 multiallelic (STRs) polymorphisms on the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome in 125 Moldavian males. In addition, 53 Ukrainians from eastern Moldova and 54 Romanians from the neighboring eastern Romania were typed using the same set of markers. In Moldavians, 19 Y chromosome haplogroups were identified, the most common being I-M423 (20.8%), R-M17* (17.6%), R-M458 (12.8%), E-v13 (8.8%), R-M269* and R-M412* (both 7.2%). In Romanians, 14 haplogroups were found including I-M423 (40.7%), R-M17* (16.7%), R-M405 (7.4%), E-v13 and R-M412* (both 5.6%). In Ukrainians, 13 haplogroups were identified including R-M17 (34.0%), I-M423 (20.8%), R-M269* (9.4%), N-M178, R-M458 and R-M73 (each 5.7%). Our results show that a significant majority of the Moldavian paternal gene pool belongs to eastern/central European and Balkan/eastern Mediterranean Y lineages. Phylogenetic and AMOVA analyses based on Y-STR loci also revealed that Moldavians are close to both eastern/central European and Balkan-Carpathian populations. The data correlate well with historical accounts and geographical location of the region and thus allow to hypothesize that extant Moldavian paternal genetic lineages arose from extensive recent admixture between genetically autochthonous populations of the Balkan-Carpathian zone and neighboring Slavic groups.

A variety of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the association between trisomy and increasing maternal age in humans, virtually all of which assume that the underlying mechanisms involve meiotic errors. However, recently Hultén and colleagues [Hulten et al., 2010b] proposed a provocative model-the Oocyte Mosaicism Selection Model (OMSM)-that links age-dependent trisomy 21 to pre-meiotic errors in the ovary. Specifically, they propose that nondisjunctional events occur in a proportion of germ cells as they mitotically proliferate, resulting in mosaicism for trisomy 21. Assuming that the presence of an additional chromosome 21 delays meiotic progression, these cells would be ovulated later in reproductive life, resulting in an age-dependent increase in aneuploid eggs. Because this model has important clinical implications, we initiated studies to test it. We first analyzed oocytes from two trisomy 21 fetuses, combining immunostaining with FISH to determine the likelihood of detecting the additional chromosome 21 at different stages of meiosis. The detection of trisomy was enhanced during the earliest stage of prophase (leptotene), before homologs synapsed. Accordingly, in subsequent studies we examined the chromosome content of leptotene oocytes in seven second trimester female fetuses, analyzing three chromosomes commonly associated with human trisomies (i.e., 13, 16, and 21). In contrast to the prediction of the OMSM, we found no evidence of trisomy mosaicism for any chromosome. We conclude that errors in pre-meiotic germ cells are not a major contributor to human aneuploidy and do not provide an explanation for the age-related increase in trisomic conceptions.

Childhood asthma candidate gene PPP1R12B was identified in the first genomewide association study (GWAS) in Russians of west Siberia. Here, we report validation of this discovery in an independent cohort of Russians from the city of Kursk. Twenty-six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the gene were analysed, of which four were significantly associated with childhood asthma. Haplotypic structure of four markers was different in control and childhood asthma samples, implicating the importance of PPP1R12B haplotypes in predisposition to the disease. The haplotype comprising common alleles was protective against asthma, while other haplotypes were positively associated with the disease. We propose possible mechanisms of the association, including impact of the gene on airway hyperresponsiveness and C-C chemokine receptor 3 signalling pathway modulation.

Background: Both asthma and obesity are complex disorders that are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Shared genetic factors between asthma and obesity have been proposed to partly explain epidemiological findings of co-morbidity between these conditions.

Objective: To identify genetic variants that are associated with body mass index (BMI) in asthmatic children and adults, and to evaluate if there are differences between the genetics of BMI in asthmatics and healthy individuals.

Methods: In total, 19 studies contributed with genome-wide analysis study (GWAS) data from more than 23 000 individuals with predominantly European descent, of whom 8165 are asthmatics.

Results: We report associations between several DENND1B variants (P = 2.2 × 10(-7) for rs4915551) on chromosome 1q31 and BMI from a meta-analysis of GWAS data using 2691 asthmatic children (screening data). The top DENND1B single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were next evaluated in seven independent replication data sets comprising 2014 asthmatics, and rs4915551 was nominally replicated (P < 0.05) in two of the seven studies and of borderline significance in one (P = 0.059). However, strong evidence of effect heterogeneity was observed and overall, the association between rs4915551 and BMI was not significant in the total replication data set, P = 0.71. Using a random effects model, BMI was overall estimated to increase by 0.30 kg/m(2) (P = 0.01 for combined screening and replication data sets, N = 4705) per additional G allele of this DENND1BSNP. FTO was confirmed as an important gene for adult and childhood BMI regardless of asthma status.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: DENND1B was recently identified as an asthma susceptibility gene in a GWAS on children, and here, we find evidence that DENND1B variants may also be associated with BMI in asthmatic children. However, the association was overall not replicated in the independent data sets and the heterogeneous effect of DENND1B points to complex associations with the studied diseases that deserve further study.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious, incurable neurological disease. In 2009, the ANZgene studies detected the suggestive association of located upstream of CD40 gene in chromosome 20q13 (p = 1.3×10(-7)). Identification of the causal variant(s) in the CD40 locus leads to a better understanding of the mechanism underlying the development of autoimmune pathologies. We determined the genotypes of rs6074022, rs1883832, rs1535045, and rs11086996 in patients with MS (n = 1684) and in the control group (n = 879). Two SNPs were significantly associated with MS: rs6074022 (additive model C allele OR = 1.27, 95% CI = [1.12-1.45], p = 3×10(-4)) and rs1883832 (additive model T allele OR = 1.20, 95% CI = [1.05-1.38], p = 7×10(-3)). In the meta-analysis of our results and the results of four previous studies, we obtain the association p-value of 2.34×10(-12), which confirmed the association between MS and rs6074022 at a genome-wide significant level. Next, we demonstrated that the model including rs6074022 only sufficiently described the association. From our analysis, we can speculate that the association between rs1883832 and MS was induced by LD, whereas rs6074022 was a marker in stronger LD with the functional variant or was the functional variant itself. Our results indicated that the functional variants were located in the upstream region of the gene CD40 and were in higher LD with rs6074022 than LD with rs1883832.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, DHFR, MTHFD1, TS, RFC1 and DNMT3b genes with cancer survival, therapeutic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and clinicopathological characteristics in 300 pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients of a Russian Western Siberian population. We found that the MTHFR 677CT genotype as well as combination of MTHFR 677CT and 677TT genotype was related to tumor size and estrogen-positive status in postmenopausal group. The RFC1 80А allele was associated with an increased risk of lymph node metastases among postmenopausal women. The MTHFR 677TT genotype was significantly correlated with a better progression-free survival in premenopausal patients. In contrast, a worse outcome was observed in this group patient with MTHFD1 1958AA genotype. In the multivariate analysis, the MTHFD1 1958AA genotype was identified as an independent prognostic factor for premenopausal breast cancer survival. Our findings provide evidence for associations of breast cancer survival with folate-related SNPs in a population of Western Siberian region of Russia and the MTHFD1 (1958G>A) may have additional prognostic value especially among premenopausal patients.